In this context, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a powerful technique as its analysis depth below 10 nm enables studies of the outermost surface structures of microorganism. This knowledge is key, for instance, in research aiming to reduce colonization of medical devices and device-related infections from different types of microorganisms. An understanding of the overall chemical composition of these surface layers may give clues on how these interactions occur and suggest mechanisms to manipulate them. Interaction between microorganisms and their surroundings are generally mediated via the cell wall or cell envelope. 5Department of Chemistry, Fribourg University, Fribourg, Switzerland.4Biointerfaces Lab, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, St.3Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.2Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.1Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.Andrey Shchukarev 1* Emelie Backman 2,3 Samuel Watts 4,5 Stefan Salentinig 5 Constantin F.
